Last updated on June 25, 2019The half-life of a drug refers to how long it takes for it to become 50 percent less active in (or eliminated from) the bloodstream. For example, a drug with a half-life of four hours will be half as effective at the four-hour mark, and its effects will continue to slowly decrease after that, becoming largely inactive around eight hours after it was taken.A drug will keep activating receptors and interacting with the brain’s chemical messengers during its active period. This reduction in activity is called the elimination half-life of a drug. Plasma half-life is different and refers to the rate of time it takes for a drug to no longer be in the bloodstream at all. So a drug may still show up on a drug test (as it still remains in the plasma of the blood) after it is no longer active in the body. What Affects the Half-Lives of Drugs?Half-lives of drugs are estimates and not specifics since there are many variables that can impact how long it takes the body to process a drug.
A person’s specific metabolism can play a role, for example, as can kidney and liver functions since these organs are vital in drug metabolism and blood filtration.How a person takes a drug can affect how quickly it starts working and how long it takes to process out as well. For instance, smoking, snorting, and injecting drugs tends to send it more rapidly into the bloodstream while ingesting them results in a slower onset of action.
Half-lives of drugs are therefore generalizations and not exact.Shorter half-life drugs tend to take action quickly, and their effects may wear off rapidly as well. This may encourage a person who is abusing a short half-life drug to take more of it in a binge pattern, following doses on top of each other to prolong the effects. A long half-life drug, on the other hand, may stay in the body for longer than a person wants it to as the effects can be prolonged.Drugs with longer half-lives can be beneficial in the case of medicinal necessity; for instance, if a person only has to take a medication once daily and it remains active for 12-24 hours, this can be helpful instead of having to take more doses more often. Many prescription drugs are also available in both immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER) formulations.
The ER versions dole out the dosage in a controlled manner over a set period of time, thus extending the active period of the drug. Examples of drugs with a short half-life.
Cocaine: Cocaine has a very short half-life of less than an hour. The illegal drug cocaine takes effect quickly and wears off quickly, the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) reports. Heroin: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) publishes that heroin is the most rapidly acting of all the opioid drugs, taking effect almost immediately.
It has a short half-life of around 30 minutes. Tylenol (acetaminophen): An over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever, has a short half-life of around two hours, which is why it is recommended to take a dose every 4-6 hours as needed for pain relief. Marijuana: Marijuana is an illegal plant-based drug that is often smoked or eaten in the form of edibles. The active component of marijuana, THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) typically remains active in the bloodstream for about 2-4 hours, NHTSA.
Half Life Residual Point
OxyContin (oxycodone): A relatively short-acting prescription opioid designed for the management of acute to moderate pain, the manufacturers of OxyContin, report its half-life is 3-5 hours.
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